5 African Amereican nurse leaders annoniated Biblography Annotated Bibliography

5 African Amereican nurse leaders annoniated Biblography - Annotated Bibliography Example Adah Belle Samuel Thoms was born in Virginia in 1870. She studied nursing in Lincoln Hospital and Home school of Nursing, where she graduated in 1905. She became the school’s acting director for almost two decades and was barred from officially becoming the director because of her skin color (Davis, 1999: p27). In her entire nursing career she advocated inclusion of African Americans into the American Red Cross. She also relentlessly agitated for equal opportunities, and was part of the group of nurses that set up the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses. Harriet Tubman worked as a nurse during the American civil war. She had immense knowledge of herbal medicine, which she used to treat soldiers who were wounded in sections of South Carolina. She used the herbs to cure many of small pox and dysentery, and at no point did she contract those diseases herself (Davis, 1999: p35). This made many people think that she was blessed by God. Hazel W. Johnson –Brown was another African American nurse who was turned down by a local hospital that insisted they would never employ a black person. In 1950, she graduated from Harlem Hospital School of Nursing. She then joined the American army. She had special surgical capabilities which enabled her to scale the army ranks, becoming the first ever black female brigadier general, heading over 7000 American army nurse corps. She was voted the army nurse of the year twice (Davis, 1999: p46-48). Lillian Holland Harvey was the dean of the Tuskegee University School of nursing for over three decades. During her tenure as the dean, she helped establish Alabama’s first degree in nursing, a program which enabled students acquire hands on hospital experience (Davis, 1999: p51-53). She was herself a registered nurse and an educationist who inspired many to further their education, and also made them learn how to balance career and family

Government and politics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Government and politics - Term Paper Example Firstly, in order to understand the way in which the executive branch has changed, it is necessary to begin the analysis by stating that the Constitution of the United States expressly prohibits the President from declaring war. As such, this particular process is one that is supposedly only allowed to be engaged by the Congress. However, ever since the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, the president has been able to allocate military resources and all but declare war. Though the Constitution has placed the executive branch in direct charge of the military and all actions related to them, the informal and circuitous manner by which the executive branch has engaged in war over the past 60+ years has meant that this particular dynamic of executive power has grown precipitously (Galbraith, 2013). Although this has been much discussed throughout society and opposing candidates of both parties have promised to close the loopholes by which such decisions are made, little actual traction has been made on this issue. Further, if any one of the three has most certainly lost power, it can be determined to be the Supreme Court. This supposedly supra-political entity has increasingly shown signs of operating at the behest of the executive branch and/or merely upholding policies or legislation of the Congress. Evidence of this can of course be seen with regards to the way in which the Supreme Court chosen to behave with relation to the Bush v. Gore crisis of 2000 and the decision to allow the continued suspension of habeas corpus with regards to the detainees housed at Guantanamo Bay (Alternman, 2000). Further, increased political pressures have kept the Supreme Court from ruling on warrantless wiretapping from the Patriot Act, clearly an unconstitutional practice, or the torture practices that certain branches of the military and intelligence community has been known to exercise over those whom it suspects of anti-American activities or sentiments. Whereas corporate interests nec essarily factor heavily into the decisions of governance, no more so can this be seen as with respect to the degree and extent to which the legislative branch has grown and evolved over time. Whereas several decades ago an individual of relatively meager means could run for Congress, the manner through which the system operates currently ensures that only those who are heavily funded, oftentimes by corporate or special interest groups, has any chance of actually attaining office (Bradley & Morrison, 2012). This has meant that the Congress does not serve as a primary mechanism for representing the will of the people; rather, it is oftentimes a mechanism through which back door deals, corporate cronyism, and other crooked practices are more and more likely to take place. Further, from pressure from the executive branch, the legislative has been seen time and time again to yield and favor a particular piece of legislation that has clearly not been in the best interests of the entire po pulation. Evidence of this can be seen with respect to the funding for the Iraq War, financial bailouts which were hastily agreed upon with little if any oversight or discussion, and a

Contingency Perspectives of Leadership are Better at Motivating Annotated Bibliography

Contingency Perspectives of Leadership are Better at Motivating Employees - Annotated Bibliography Example The study was carried out in a financial service company with 153 participants, all of whom were clerical workers. A questionnaire was circulated around the organization and then immediately collected by the researcher. The questionnaire contained scales that ranged from 1 to 5. Participants had to indicate how strongly they agreed or disagreed with certain statements. Followers’ personalities were broken down into four categories: neuroticism, extraversion, openness, and agreeableness. The scales ranged from â€Å"not at all true† (1) to â€Å"completely true† (5). The four categories for followers’ personalities were each given a Cronbach’s alpha. In order to test for transformational leadership, an adapted version of the MLQ 5 X Short was administered. Because of this, four transformational dimensions were defined: idealized influence, individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation, and inspirational motivation. The scales for these dimen sions ranged from â€Å"never† (1) to â€Å"almost always† 5). As in the previous test, Cronbach’s alpha was used. Commitment was assessed using two scales—an affective commitment scale and a continuance scale. Once again, Cronbach’s alpha was used. It was discovered that followers’ extraversion and agreeableness were positively correlated to the perception of overall transformational leadership and to affective commitment to the supervisor. Also, followers high in extraversion and agreeableness recognize transformational leadership more than those who are low in these areas. ... Once again, Cronbach’s alpha was used. If literature review/ meta-analysis or critique: Focus of content Key debates Position , if clear - If research article: Findings of research It was discovered that followers’ extraversion and agreeableness were positively correlated to the perception of overall transformational leadership and to affective commitment to the supervisor. Also, followers high in extraversion and agreeableness recognize transformational leadership more than those who are low in these areas. Hypotheses 1.1 and 1.2 were largely supported, whereas Hypotheses 1.3 and 1.4 were only partially supported. In terms of Hypotheses 2.1, the perception of transformational leadership was positively linked with perceived leaders’ extraversion. If literature review/ meta-analysis or critique: Conclusions - Significance of article in relation to: other articles, your topic generally or prior research. There is an increase of research that focuses solely on follo wers and shows they value a better understanding of the role of followers in the leadership process. The results of this research will be helpful to business organizations in the future because it will allow them to set up constructive communication channels for followers to speak to their leaders. Limitations of article Eg location, industry, focus etc Because the data are cross-sectional, it cannot prove that the directions of the arrows in the model presented in Figure 1 are correct. Also, the influence of personality characteristics examined in this study is limited. Other factors influence the perception and acceptance of leadership other than followers’ personalities. Strength/s of article A definite link is found between extraverted followers and transformational leaders. This shows

Scene Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Scene Analysis - Essay Example However, Laizi’s quest for freedom leads the two into a frantic search for freedom in a world where it can be compromised by anyone. The film begins in a setting a town where a crowd is distracted from the frantic attempts by Laizi to leave the dojo. The director does not reveal the initial intention of Laizi and his desires if he gets the freedom. One of the key features about this film that make it outstanding is the wide use of Chinese tunes to create an atmosphere. The use of sounds and music makes the movie emotional, which is one of the features about the movie that helped it win the Cannes Palme dOr, making it to be the first and only Chinese movie to win the award. Douzi’s introductory scene is also very intriguing. Initially, Douzi’s mother takes her young boy to the master who refuses to accept him due to his disability, which is a polydactyly finger. His mother chops off the finger making a contract with the master on leaves that the master accepts her son. This scene is characterized by a close up of the camera shifting closer towards the finger being chopped off to create suspense and to achieve a more dramatic scene. Douzi and Laizi’s relationship grows and they become good friends for years. However, as was the initial case, Laizi influences Douzi to run away from the troupe, but they choose to return after attending a performance in the Perkin Opera. After Laizi’s death, Douzi is faced with countless challenges. For instance, the Eunuch Zhang sodomizes Douzi. However, the director avoids this scene only showing the initial attraction that the Eunuch Zhang had for Douzi and later revealing that the latter had been molested and was a little shaken by the situation. The director opts to eliminate the scene in which the Eunuch Zhang traumatizes Douzi to ensure that the film does not become too obscene. This form of censorship is common in most Chinese movies covering themes such as sex. The

Day in the ife of counselor, psychologist & social worker Essay

Day in the ife of counselor, psychologist & social worker - Essay Example The paper will also study the educational qualifications, licensure requirements, skills and techniques that professionals in these fields regularly incorporate into their practice. A counselor is a human service professional that assists people get more out of life by overcoming challenges and difficulty. A counselor is a trained and accredited professional who renders developmental, emotive and mental support to clients. Counselors build a healthy relationship with clients and formulate problem-solving approaches to resolve the problem facing a client. The counseling field is diverse with counselors specializing in rehabilitation, career assistance, mental health, or marriage (Price, 2015). Counselors can work privately, under the government, in academic circles or in medical facilities. A counselor has to fulfill a prerequisite for an Associate or Bachelor’s degree in liberal arts major. After completion of the Bachelor’s degree, the counselor pursues a Master’s degree in a counseling module. A counselor can undertake an advanced degree such as a doctorate in a specialty subject. A Bachelor’s degree is an essential requirement for basic counseling and life coaching. The Bachelor’s degree introduces the counselor to a wide range of counseling fields from which they can choose a field that suits their career objectives. Advanced counseling fields such as psychoanalysis require a doctorate or PhD qualification. A degree in psychology is a beneficial addition to the educational qualifications of a counselor (Gladding, 2012). Counselors will also undergo specialty training in the organizations that provide counseling services. Counseling training programs held in developing counseling skills and offers mentoring for more experienced counselors. Counselors undertake practicums that equip them with knowledge about treatment modalities (Price, 2015). During the training, the

Rise of E Vehicle Essay Example for Free

Rise of E Vehicle Essay MANILA, Philippines? There? s something about electric vehicles. They don? t use gasoline or diesel and therefore don? t pollute the air. They run without noise and are cost-efficient. If Filipinos are educated about the benefits of using these ? plug-in? modes of transportation, they would be wondering why we haven? t caught up with the craze yet. Going ? green? is all the rage right now because of climate change due to greenhouse gas emissions from human activities. Global warming threatens not only the survival of the human species, but also of other living things big and small that call Earth home. Serious efforts have been made to counter or at least minimize the adverse effects of global warming. Because emissions like carbon dioxide from fossil fuels are a major source of global warming, people have sought alternative sources of energy like solar, hydro and wind power. They have also come up with electric vehicles. Four different kinds of electric vehicles now on the market were showcased at PowerTrends 2009, a renewable energy exhibition held on Sept. 9-10 at World Trade Center in Pasay City. The e-vehicles displayed at PowerTrends? the e-jeep, e-car, e-bike and e-quad? are generally priced higher than their gasoline-powered counterparts. E-vehicle makers, however, are after advocacy, not profits, says Karl Magsuci, business planning and development manager for EVnnovations Inc. , distributor of the first Land Transportation Office-registered e-car in the Philippines. ?What we? re doing right now is education and raising awareness,? he says. All four e-vehicles have zero carbon emission. Their batteries could be charged via a simple household electric socket. Plans to build a biogas-powered recharging station are in the works. In some areas, like Puerto Princesa City and Boracay, plans to phase out gasoline-powered jeepneys are underway, with e-vehicles gradually being incorporated into their transportation system. e-car The Reva e-car, popularly known in London as G-Wiz, was first launched in Bangalore, India, in June 2001. EVnnovations Inc. wants to introduce Reva to the Philippines as a viable mode of transportation. This two-seater uses eight 48-volt deep-cycle-lead-acid batteries, which charge in eight hours at a cost of P84. Charging for two hours already powers 80 percent of Reva? s batteries, says Magsuci. Fully charged, Reva has a maximum range of 80 kilometers, 60 km when the air-con is used, and a top speed of 80 kph. By contrast, a gasoline-powered car would require about P350-worth of gas to travel 80 km. No change oil There? s virtually no maintenance involved when using the e-car, says Magsuci. ?No change oil, for instance.? The batteries have an average life span of two to three years. Changing batteries would cost around P50,000, says Magsuci. The only drawback to the e-car is the price, says Magsuci. ?There? s apprehension in the market due to the prohibitive price,? he says. The e-car is considered a luxury vehicle here, says Magsuci, thus, the cost almost doubles upon reaching our shores. Costing around $10,000 in India or around P500,000, plus import tax, Reva? s cost could reach close to a million pesos, he says. He explains, however, that Reva is initially not meant for everyone, but only for a very specific market? the ? high-end,? and environmentally conscious individuals and companies. ?Walk the talk,? he says. ?It? s time for us to introduce green alternatives, mitigate climate change, and make people ? green? in their motoring habits.? Leasing program. Selling Reva in the Philippines may not be that easy, says Magsuci. That? s why EVnnovation is looking at the possibility of a renting or leasing program. Introducing the e-car through public transportation, he adds, is also another way to make its presence known. The e-car, however, cannot compete with one? s existing car at this time, Magsuci says. ?It? s only meant to supplement your current fleet as an alternative vehicle,? he says. ?Think about the future, long-term effects.? At the moment, there? s still no tangible support from the government for the promotion of Reva, according to Magsuci. He hopes that trade shows such as PowerTrends will help promote ? green? alternatives. For more information on Reva electric car, contact Karl Pietrus Magsuci of EVnnovations at 3701314, fax No. 3741671-72, e-mail [emailprotected] com, or visit http://www. evnnovations. com/. Their office address is 8F Ramcar Center 80-82 Roces Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City. e-jeep The e-jeep was first launched in 2007 in the cities of Makati, Puerto Princesa and Bacolod as part of the Climate Friendly Cities project of Green Renewable Independent Power Producers Inc. (GRIPP). It started its commercial run last year. GRIPP is a local consortium of environmental groups, including Greenpeace. Tapped by GRIPP to produce the electric vehicle, the Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturers Association of the Philippines now assembles e-jeepneys through its business arm, Philippine Utility Vehicles Inc. (PhUV). The first prototypes were imported from China. The e-jeep costs P650,000. It uses 12 6V 220AH batteries, which charge for eight hours at a cost of P150, says John Marasigan, PhUV assistant sales manager for electric vehicles. A fully charged e-jeep has a maximum range of 55 km and a top speed of 35 kph. Thirty-five units of this 14-seater have so far been sold to a number of government and private institutions in the Philippines, 20 of which are in Makati, says Marasigan. They include De La Salle University in Dasmarinas, Cavite; Plantation Bay Resort in Cebu; the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas in Manila; the House of Representatives in Quezon City; and Embarcadero waterfront development in Legazpi City. e-quad The e-quad, or e-tuktuk, marks its launching at PowerTrends 2009. With a seating capacity of six, the vehicle is designed as an alternative to tricycles in subdivisions, according to Marasigan. ?It is ideal in subdivisions because there? s less noise,? he said. ?Plus it can run in floods.? The e-quad sells for P300,000. For inquiries about the e-jeep, e-bike and e-quad, contact John Marasigan of Philippine Utility Vehicles Inc. at 9365022 or 9308012, e-mail [emailprotected] com, or visit www. gripp. org. ph and www. ejeep. org. The office address is 2 Susano Road in Bo. Deparo, Novaliches, Caloocan City e-bike. Twenty-five units of e-bikes have so far been sold by Philippine Utility Vehicles Inc. Ideal for use in beach resorts and other recreational spots, most e-bikes can now be seen running in Boracay. Selling for P27,000, the e-bike has a maximum range of 25 km and top speed of 20 kph. Its batteries require only four hours to fully charge, costing around P100. What? s good about the e-bike is that once the battery runs out of power, the bike can still be used in the traditional way. By pedaling the e-bike, one does not only get good exercise, but also charges the batteries.

Impact Of The Social Class On Life Sociology Essay

Impact Of The Social Class On Life Sociology Essay Social class in todays society is changing. Material factors still govern lifestyle choices and that these are class related. Class identity has come to depend not only on market situation but on differences and similarities in power and status, as well as consumption and lifestyle. Social mobility describes the movement or opportunities for movement between different social groups and the pros and the cons that come with it, example income and wealth, housing, education and health. Opportunities for social mobility are one aspect of an individuals life chances. The traditionalists believe that New Labour politicians have abandoned their commitment to equality and social justice for those who are exploited by organisation of capitalism, (the working class). They believe that New Labour has betrayed its working class roots because it has done nothing to redistribute wealth and income from the rich to the poor, nor address the fundamental flaws that they see as inherent in the capitalist system. Giddens and Diamond (2005), however, argues that the arguments of the traditionalists are both simplistic and misguided because of their instances that equality of outcome and equality of opportunity are somehow vastly different objectives. They argue that the promotion of equality opportunity requires greater material and it is impossible for individuals to achieve their full potential if social and economic starting-points are unequal. Giddens and Diamond argue that since 1997, New Labours policies on social exclusion lowered levels of poverty among children and elderly which have put a stop in further rise in income inequality. They however accept the fact that there is still a long way to go in reducing inequalities of opportunity. They note that the life-chances of individuals today are still influenced by their parents economic and social position. Bottero (2005) suggest that social inequalities are written on the body and hierarchy makes you sick. She notes that if illness was chance occurrence, we would expect to see rate of morbidity (illness and diseases) and mortality (death) randomly distribute across the population. Statistics from the Department of Health shows that the working class experience an overproportionate amount of illness. Over the last 30 years the health across the population has improved but the rate of improvement for working class is much slower. The working class experience poor mortality rate and morbidity rate than the middle class. For example, 3500 working class babies would survive per year if the working class mortality rate was reduced to the middle class level. Babies born to professional fathers have levels of infant mortality half that of babies born to unskilled manual fathers. The death rates between 1972 and 1997 shows that, the death rate for the professionals fell by 44 per cent but fell only by 10 per cent for the unskilled. Bartley et al. (1996) note that men in social class 1 (using the old RG scale) had two-thirds the chance of dying between 1986 and 1989 compared with the male population as a whole. Unskilled manual workers were one-third likely to die compared with male population as a whole. Men in social class V were twice likely to die before men in social class 1 despite NHs providing free health to all. However, Bottero note that: There is strong socio-economic gradient to almost all patterns of diseases and ill-health. The lower your socio-economic position, the greater your risk of low birth weight, infections, cancer, coronary heart disease, respiratory diseases, stroke, accidents, nervous and mental illness. She point out that there are specific occupational hazards linked to particular manual jobs which increases the risk of accidental injury, exposure to toxic materials, pollution and many more. Poor people are more likely to live in areas in which there are more hazards, such as traffic and pollution, and less safe area to play. Consequently, poor children are more likely to be run over and suffer asthma. Some studies have suggested that there are health gradient, in that at every level of social hierarchy, there are health differences. Marmot et al (1991) have suggested that social positions may be blamed for these differences. They conducted a study on civil servant working in Whitehall and concluded that the cause of ill health was being lower in the hierarchy. Those low in the hierarchy had less social control over their working condition, greater stress and greater feeling of self esteem. These psychological factors lead to behaviour such as smoking and drinking, poor eating habits and inactivity resulting in greater level of depression, high blood pressure, increase in susceptibility to infection and build-up of cholesterol. Wilkinson (1996), argue that health gradient is caused by income inequality. This is because it undermines social cohesion in the sense that we all have valued equally by society which affirms our sense of belonging to society. Inequalities also disrupt social cohesion because it undermines self-esteem, dignity, trust and cooperation and increases feelings of insecurity, envy, hostility and inferiority, which lead to stress. Wilkinson notes that egalitarian societies have a strong community life, in that strong social ties and networks exist in the wider society to support their members. These members have access to social and psychological support from other members in the community which helps them to stay healthy. Although there has been increase in income, employment and educational attainment that have been occurred in the United Kingdom, there has also been a long-term increase in the health of the population. There is still strong relationship between how long people live and their background. Over the 1990s, the gap between most advantaged and most disadvantaged has narrowed. This is because there have been greater improvements in mortality at younger ages for those from unskilled manual background. The rate of premature death have fallen for all social classes over the past 30 years but the gap has widened relatively for men and the improvement were greater for men at the professional and managerial end of the spectrum. Between 1986 and 1992 the death rate for men in the skilled and unskilled manual groups was 69 per cent greater than professional and managerial men. While between 1997 and 1999 the rate was 75 per cent greater than for the professions. On the other hand, the improvements in the death rate for women were greater for skilled and unskilled manual groups than professional and managerial women. This made the percentage difference in the rate smaller by the end of the 1990s. Men in partly-skilled and unskilled occupation were five and a half times more likely to die from respiratory diseases than professionals and managerial between the period of 1986 to 1999. The levels of ischaemic heart diseases declined for all social groups whereas the fall was small for manual workers. Smoking is the major cause of death rate in the manual group compared with those in the non-manual group. A third of people in a routine or manual household were current smokers. This has changed over the past five years and compares with less than 19 per cent of the people in managerial or professional households. A major review of health inequalities by BBC news health correspondent Jane Dreaper says that NHS should spend more money illness than the current four per cent it is spending. More money should be spent on providing help for people to stop smoking. Report by epidemiologist Sir Marmot, also says that every child should be given the best of start in life. Every child needs to be nurtured at an early stage. Some mothers from less well-off families who do not cuddle or talk to their children makes the children develop behavioural and cognitive problems when they are three years of age. These children have less readiness to learn and the problem continues. The current review of minimum wage of  £5.80 an hour by then mayor of London Ken Livingstone and continued by Boris Johnson is below the level needed for a healthy life. It is calculated that Londoners need an hourly wage 16% higher than the national minimum rate to lift them above poverty. Minimum income should allow people to consume healthy diet, take exercises and have access to technology such as broadband that enable them to maintain social network. In conclusion, the diversity of social groups such as unemployed, single mothers and the asylum-seekers are socially excluded from the mainstream society which makes them experience social and economic deprivation. Certain diseases shows differences among people from different socio-economic background.

Spring 2005 :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the first section of essays the authors discuss how and why feminist scholars do research is grappled with in each selection. The authors/feminist scholars discuss the importance of research and methodology.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sandra Harding asserts in her essay, â€Å"Is There a Feminist Method?† Harding argues that it is â€Å"difficult to define a distinct feminist method because method and methodology have been intertwined with each other and with epistemological issues.†(2) Moreover, it is, she argues difficult and potentially dangerous to identify anything as a distinctive method—her argument is that â€Å" it is not by looking at research methods that one will be able to identify distinctive features of the best feminist research methods.† In other words it is dangerous to mystify feminist research because it locks researchers, students, scholars and critics into rules and ideas that don’t necessarily encompass all facets of feminist scholarship and the efforts that are made to understand it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The idea of there being a single â€Å"feminist method† assumes that there is a single thing, or several concrete things/ideas feminist scholars must be searching for. Harding’s argument is supported by author’s Greene, Khan in â€Å"Feminist scholarship and the social construction of women†. Greene/Khan assert—that â€Å"feminist scholarship undertakes the dual task of deconstructing predominately male cultural paradigms and reconstructing a female perspective and experience in an effort to change the tradition that has silenced and marginalized us†¦feminist scholars work to expose and the collusion between ideology and cultural practices.† (1) She asserts that there are two premises about gender, the first is, â€Å"the inequality of the sexes is neither a biological given nor a divine mandate, but a cultural construct,† and the second is, â€Å"the male perspective has dominated fields of knowledge shaping their paradigms and methods.† Here the authors are illustrating the constraints ideology and methodology place on feminist research and substantiating the claim that ideology and methodology are emblems of constraint in the feminist discipline because of their universal assumptions and dependence on the paradigm for the purposes of legitimizing their claims. The authors, Greene, Khan, Harding, and Cannon all deal with the issue of being tied down to methodology and method that would define feminist work, and solidify its direction while at the same time not allowing it to be fluid enough to evolve as a legitimate academic discipline.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As it the issue is raised in â€Å"Race and Class Bias in

Cocaine Addiction :: Free Essays

Everybody knows cocaine is bad for you. So why do so many people take it? It gets you high. You feel good for a little while. Then you’re sad again. Teenagers have this problem a lot. Scientists have found a way to maybe prevent ‘highs’ when using cocaine. Actually, they found a way in animals, and they are hoping to use it on humans. The team showed that the epilepsy drug gamma vinyl-GABA, or GVG, blocked cocaine's effect in the brains of primates, including the process that causes a "high" feeling in humans. Also, the rodents didn’t go back to the place they received the cocaine as much as they did without the epilepsy drug, which is important behavior when pertaining to a human being. Cocaine may be one of the toughest addictions to cure because it triggers a buildup of a protein that persists in the brain and stimulates genes that intensify the craving for the drug. The GVG might be able to help because it sort of stops the chemical release of the protein that builds up and causes the brain to crave the drug. Addiction is a complex process in humans because it is linked to learning and multiple chemical pathways in the brain. So, if some of these can be blocked, then there is no more addiction, and with GVG, there might not be, once it is tested on humans. Since it helped the animals, there is a good chance of it helping us. In the brain, chemicals called neurotransmitters constantly float between brain cells, sending messages that travel through the brain and into the body in a process similar to the game "Telephone." (The molecules pass on the messages.) After neurotransmitter molecules complete their task of leaving their home brain cell and docking with a neighboring cell to convey the message, they usually return to their home cell or are eliminated in the space between cells, called the synapse.

Entrepreneurial Leadership: Five Guys Burger & Fries

Entrepreneurial Leadership: Five Guys Burger & Fries Lisa Dunn Dr. Doris Martin BUS 505 Strayer University October 16, 2012 â€Å"We are in the business of selling burgers† – Jerry Murrell says as one of the mission statements for his company; Five Guys Burger & Fries. Five Guys has had the same business plan since Jerry and his sons opened the first burger shop in 1986. They only use fresh ingredients never frozen. There are no gimmicks to the Five Guys philosophy; just simple food with simple ingredients.That’s how it worked while running one restaurant and that’s how it works with now over a thousand restaurants all over the U. S. and Canada (Smith, 2011, p. 2). The philosophy of Five Guys is simple: fresh ingredients never frozen. There are no freezers only coolers in their restaurants. They have no drive-thru window and do not deliver. This sets them apart from many other restaurants. They are not your typical burger joint. Everything is made on premi ses at each individual franchised location.Most burger places are fast food, with a drive –thru window, and many options of their menu. However; Five Guys just wants to make burgers and fries. They keep a simple menu to ensure quality of food. They know they can make a great burger and are not interested in making a mediocre chicken sandwich just to put more on the menu. Five Guys also has simple advertising and decor, unlike their competitors that spend millions on fancy advertising. Jerry has said, â€Å"Treat that person right, he’ll walk out the door and sell for you.From the beginning, I wanted people to know that we put all our money into the food. That’s why the decor is so simple – red and white tiles. We don’t spend our money on decor. Or on guys in chicken suits. But we’ll go overboard on food (Joiner, 2012) Five Guys values remain unchanged from when then started the business back in 1986. Jerry has said â€Å"The only thing we did right was stick to our guns (Burke 2012). They started out as a simple burger place and have stayed a simple burger place just more of them. They thrive on customer loyalty and customer service. We are not doing you a favor by serving you – you are doing us a favor by giving us the opportunity to do so (Smith, 2011, p. 2)† Jerry has said about how customers are a part of his business. Having the same values from the beginning days to then franchising has helped this unique success story that is Five Guys to be the fastest growing restaurant chain (Rosenwald, 2006). Some of the factors that contributed to the success of Five Guys in such a short time frame are the employee motivation, the quality of food, and the overall value of the company.Five Guys says it is important to make employees feel a sense of ownership and accountability. The way they motivate their employees is that they employ secret shoppers and auditors to walk in and inspect the store. If the secret shopper or auditor gives a passing grade to that location there is a thousand dollar bonus for the employees to split evenly. It helps to maintain excellence in the food and the cleanliness of the store (York, 2009, p. 3). The great quality of food at Five Guys is based on its loyalty to suppliers. Five Guys buys the best fresh meat and real Idaho potatoes.They could do cheaper products but it would not taste as good. This of course raises the price of the food, but customers have not complained about paying a few extra bucks for a better burger and fries (Smith, 2012). The overall value of the company has greatly contributed to the success of Five Guys. Once Five Guys started to franchise people thought that the value of the company and its product would decrease. That is not that case; the contracts that franchisers sign makes for the value to consistent and not change a good thing.There are specific and extensive details of how to run and operate a Five Guys restaurant so people going to any of the thousand stores will get the same food that tastes the same (Rosenwald, 2006). These factors contribute to the short-time success that Five Guys has had. Being who they are and making a simple great tasting burger helps to market a company just by word of mouth. There had been a cookie cutter ways of running a business over the years that Five Guys just threw out the window and did their own thing at their own time.Five Guys started small and stayed small for many years. They never wanted to franchise and be huge. Their ultimate goal was to make a great burger using great quality fresh ingredients. Five Guys does not do what other restaurants do. They do not advertise or market themselves, nor do they change anything just become social practices say they should. They have a very small list of items on their menu; consisting of burgers, fries, and hotdogs. Many have said that not adding milkshakes or salads would take business away and make people not come.Howeve r, having simple items that you can make your own with different condiments makes people go to Five Guys rather than the other burger places (York, 2009). Being an individual that has been to different locations of Five Guys restaurants, it is easy to see that following ethical or social practices does work for how Five Guys runs its business. It is clear the minute that a person walks into a Five Guys establishment that you are welcome and greeted. Then choosing from the simple menu board above the cashier is easy and efficient.Being able to watch a freshly made burger and fries come to life behind the counter makes the experience refreshing. It is great to see and know that food is made to order exactly how it was ordered. Looking around the establishment, noticing the real potato bags and peanut boxes and oil lets that person know that simple real foods go into making your lunch or dinner. When the food in ready there is no tray like many other restaurants, it comes in a brown ba g that a person can take to go or sit down at a table and enjoy.Knowing the quality and freshness that goes into each order lets the customer know just how important it is to be served at Five Guys. There doesn’t need to be a lot of marketing or different practices to make Five Guys stand out. Their food should do it, and as a customer it does. Five Guys has been around for many years, it is just in the past few years that once Jerry Murrell and his five sons began to franchise did the world take notice of a unique way to run a simple burger and fries restaurant.Being able to set themselves apart from fast food restaurants and keeping their core values has made Five Guys popular. With the different factors contributed to the success of Five Guys and ignoring ethical and social practices, Five Guys were able to stay themselves and create a great burger that across the country can enjoy. As Jerry says â€Å"You are dependent on us, we are dependent on you. You are not an outsi der in our business-you are part of it (Smith, 2011). † Five Guys knows that success is in a great product and people to buy that product.Keeping the company simple has worked for Jerry and his five guys. Resources: Burke, M. (2012). Five Guys Burgers: America’s Fastest Growing Restaurant Chain. Forbes. Retrieved on October 12, 2012. Joiner, L. (2012). Five Guys found a simple recipe for success: Do it right. USAToday. Retrieved on October 12, 2012. Rosenwald, M. (2006). Five Guys, Taking a Bigger Bite. The Washington Post. Retrieved on October, 19, 2012. Smith, R. (2011). The Runaway Hit. QSR Magazine. Retrieved on October 12, 2012. York, E. (2009). Five Guys: an America’s Hottest Brands Case Study. AdvertisingAge. Retrieved on October 12, 2012.